Mar 3 2021
hyène au sénégal
Hyenas are known to have preyed on humans in prehistory: Human hair has been found in fossilised hyena dung dating back 195,000 to 257,000 years. Despite this perceived unique disease resistance, little is known about the immune system of spotted hyenas,[50][51][52][53] and even less is known about other Hyaenidae species. Although hyenas lack perineal scent glands, they have a large pouch of naked skin located at the anal opening. These "werehyenas" are executed when discovered, but do not revert to their human form when killed. [40], The skull of the spotted hyena differs from that of the striped hyena by its much greater size and narrower sagittal crest. In the tradition of the Maasai[152] and the Hadza,[166] corpses are left in the open for spotted hyenas to eat. [67] A 1903 report describes spotted hyenas in the Mzimba district of Angoniland waiting at dawn outside people's huts to attack them when they opened their doors. [70] Several attacks have occurred in India; in 1962, 9 children were thought to have been taken by hyenas in the town of Bhagalpur in the Bihar State in a six-week period,[59] and 19 children up to the age of four were killed by hyenas in Karnataka in 1974. The limbs are spotted, though the feet vary in colour, from light brown to blackish. A further attack on a child was reported around Serakhs in 1948. Further attacks were reported later in some parts of Transcaucasia, particularly in 1908. Although spotted hyena populations in CAR are probably stable and are generally tolerated, their level of legal protection outside of national parks and reserves is unknown. L’hyène était là, elle n’avait plus rien à manger. Phylogenic relationships based on morphological characteristics, after Werdelin & Solounias (1991) and Turner et al (2008). The species is known to carry at least three cestode species of the genus Taenia, none of which are harmful to humans. The paw-pads are broad and very flat, with the whole undersurface of the foot around them being naked. Overall, the two animals typically ignore each other when there is no food or young at stake. In Kenya's Masai Mara, 80% of the spotted hyena's prey consists of topi and Thomson's gazelle, save for during the four-month period when zebra and wildebeest herds migrate to the area. For other uses, see, Genera of the Hyaenidae (extinct and recent), Begg, Colleen, Begg, Keith & Muemedi, Oscar (2007), female spotted hyena's external genitalia, raise their legs as canids do when urinating, "A study on use of animals as traditional medicine by Sukuma Tribe of Busega District in North-western Tanzania", "Comparative ecology and taphonomy of spotted hyenas, humans, and wolves in Pleistocene Italy", "Characterizing ecomorphological patterns in hyenids: a multivariate approach using postcanine dentition", "A new species of Tungurictis Colbert, 1939 (Carnivora, Hyaenidae) from the middle Miocene of Junggar Basin, northwestern China and the early divergence of basal hyaenids in East Asia", "Mosaic functionality in a transitional ecomorphology: skull biomechanics in stem Hyaeninae compared to modern South African carnivorans", "The Hyaenidae: taxonomy, systematics and evolution", Sketches of Indian Field Sports: With Observations on the Animals; Also an Account of Some of the Customs of the Inhabitants; with a Description of the Art of Catching Serpents, as Practiced by the Conjoors and Their Method of Curing Themselves when Bitten: with Remarks on Hydrophobia and Rabid Animals, "Bite club: comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa", Hyaena Specialist Group - Spotted Hyena: Diet and Foraging, "Regular exposure to rabies virus and lack of symptomatic disease in Serengeti spotted hyenas", "Socioecological predictors of immune defenses in a wild spotted hyenas", "Markedly Elevated Antibody Responses in Wild versus Captive Spotted Hyenas Show that Environmental and Ecological Factors Are Important Modulators of Immunity", "Development of a hyena immunology toolbox", "Characterization of toll-like receptors 1-10 in spotted hyenas", The Magicality of the Hyena: Beliefs and Practices in West and South Asia, "The spotted hyena from Aristotle to the Lion King: reputation is everything - In the Company of Animals", "Oldest Human Hair Found in Fossilized Dung", Preliminary data on human - carnivore conflict in Niassa National Reserve, Mozambique, particularly fatalities due to lion, spotted hyaena and crocodile, "The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans", "Islamists authorise hyena meat in Southern Somalia", "Mammals of the Soviet Union: Carnivora (hyaenas and cats), Volume 2", "Fauna of British India: Mammals Volume 2", IUCN Conservation Union Hyaena Specialist Group, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyena&oldid=1007964137, Articles with dead external links from May 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The four living species of hyena, clockwise from upper left: spotted hyena (, Civet/mongoose-like insectivore-omnivores, This page was last edited on 20 February 2021, at 21:08. Burkina Faso's hyenas are depleted in number because of hunting, poaching and declining prey populations. [92], Spotted hyenas usually hunt wildebeest either singly, or in groups of two or three. It is the only mammalian species to lack an external vaginal opening, having a pseudo-penis instead. Within ten days of birth, they are able to move at considerable speed. [178] Sir John Barrow described how spotted hyenas in Sneeuberge were trained to hunt game, writing that they were "as faithful and diligent as any of the common domestic dogs". [88], When chased by hunting dogs, spotted hyenas often attack back, unless the dogs are of exceptionally large, powerful breeds. [103] Spotted hyenas may consume leather articles such as boots and belts around campsites. [54][74] Copulation may be repeated multiple times during a period of several hours. A similar tale is present among the Meru. [130], Spotted hyenas have a complex set of postures in communication. Hyène sur Limametti | Agence Hyène | France - Afrique - Sénégal Dakar It is said that all hyenas are owned by witches, and that truly wild hyenas are non-existent. [31][32] The spotted hyena is renowned for its strong bite proportional to its size, but a number of other animals (including the Tasmanian devil) are proportionately stronger. [100] In Kruger National Park, blue wildebeest, cape buffalo, Burchell's zebra, greater kudu and impala are the spotted hyena's most important prey, while giraffe, impala, wildebeest and zebra are its major food sources in the nearby Timbavati area. Females provide only for their own cubs rather than assist each other, and males display no paternal care. [19][20], The spotted hyena's scientific name Crocuta, was once widely thought to be derived from the Latin loanword crocutus, which translates as "saffron-coloured one", in reference to the animal's fur colour. The two species typically encounter each other on carcasses, which the larger spotted species usually appropriate. [21], From Classical antiquity until the Renaissance, the spotted and striped hyena were either assumed to be the same species, or distinguished purely on geographical, rather than physical grounds. Creel, Scott; Creel, Nancy Marusha (2002). [33][34] The aardwolf has greatly reduced cheek teeth, sometimes absent in the adult, but otherwise has the same dentition as the other three species. Spotted hyenas vary in their folkloric and mythological depictions, depending on the ethnic group from which the tales originate. In Uganda, it is thought that the species primarily preys on birds and reptiles, while in Zambia it is considered a scavenger. The second migration of spotted hyenas occurred less than 1.3–1.5 million years ago and resulted in the first arrival of hyenas in Europe and a separation of African spotted hyenas into a southern and a northern population. The aardwolf is primarily an insectivore, specialised for feeding on termites of the genus Trinervitermes and Hodotermes, which it consumes by licking them up with its long, broad tongue. He further described how the hyena uses retching noises to attract dogs. [38] Spotted hyena cubs are born almost fully developed, with their eyes open and erupting incisors and canines, though lacking adult markings. A broad, medial band is present on the back of the neck, and is lengthened into a forward facing crest. [54] Males will show submissive behaviour when approaching females in heat, even if the male outweighs his partner. During an attack, or when excited, the tail is carried forward on the back. Hyenas may have occasionally stolen human kills, or entered campsites to drag off the young and weak, much like modern spotted hyenas in Africa. The aardwolf can trace its lineage directly back to Plioviverrops 15 million years ago, and is the only survivor of the dog-like hyena lineage. [152] In Ethiopia, hyenas were reported to feed extensively on the corpses of victims of the 1960 attempted coup[167] and the Red Terror. Elle avait si faim qu’elle n’en pouvait plus. [110], When feeding on an intact carcass, spotted hyenas will first consume the meat around the loins and anal region, then open the abdominal cavity and pull out the soft organs. [160] Reports of livestock damage are often not substantiated, and hyenas observed scavenging on a carcass may be mistaken for having killed the animal. [64] High-ranking hyenas maintain their position through aggression directed against lower-ranking clan-members. [23], The first detailed first-hand descriptions of the spotted hyena by Europeans come from Willem Bosman and Peter Kolbe. [13], Unlike other large African carnivores, spotted hyenas do not preferentially prey on any species, and only African buffalo and giraffe are significantly avoided. [6], Hyenas originated in the jungles of Miocene Eurasia 22 million years ago, when most early feliform species were still largely arboreal. Begg, Colleen; Begg, Keith; Muemedi, Oscar (2007). Though feared, striped hyenas were also symbolic of love and fertility, leading to numerous varieties of love medicine derived from hyena body parts. It also carries protozoan parasites of the genus Hepatozoon in the Serengeti, Kenya and South Africa. The earliest migration of spotted hyenas from Africa to Eurasia began less than 3.5 million years ago, most probably from the area where the first spotted hyena fossils were discovered, reaching East Asia and most likely also Pakistan. These glands produce a white, creamy secretion which is pasted onto grass stalks by everting the rectum. [13] However, the social system of the spotted hyena is openly competitive rather than cooperative, with access to kills, mating opportunities and the time of dispersal for males depending on the ability to dominate other clan-members. [62] Cubs take the rank directly below their mothers at birth. Hygea provides a particular focus on research designed to have a positive impact on the health system. Female gazelles do not defend their fawns, though they may attempt to distract hyenas by feigning weakness.[95]. This usually has the effect of seemingly confusing spotted hyenas, which will act bewildered, though they will occasionally attack and maul their smaller cousins. Details about Liberia 2001 MNH, Spotted Hyene, Wild Animals . Similar interactions have been recorded between spotted and striped hyenas in the Serengeti. [27] Males in most hyena species are larger than females,[28] though the spotted hyena is exceptional, as it is the female of the species that outweighs and dominates the male. This chamber measures up to 2 metres (6.6 feet) in width, the height being rather less.
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